Decoding the Language of Buildings: A Journey into Architectural Symbolism

Traditional architecture often incorporates symbols that are deeply rooted in the culture and religion of the society. For example, Hindu temples in India often feature intricate carvings and sculptures depicting gods, goddesses, and mythological stories.

The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, originally built as a Christian cathedral in the 6th century, it later became a mosque and is now a museum. The use of mosaics and frescoes inside the building depicts scenes from Christian history and the lives of saints, serving as visual narratives of the Christian faith. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque. These additions transformed the Hagia Sophia into a symbol of Islamic architecture and culture, blending Christian and Islamic symbolism in a unique and historically significant way.

Traditional architecture may also incorporate symbols that are specific to a region or locality, such as motifs inspired by nature, local folklore, or historical events.

Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, originally built in the 7th century, is a towering fortress-like structure that served as the winter residence of the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism. The design of the Potala Palace is a reflection of Tibetan architectural traditions and the unique cultural and religious beliefs of the region. The layout of the Potala Palace is also symbolic, with its white exterior walls symbolizing purity and the red color of the mountain symbolizing power.

Traditional buildings often incorporate symbolic elements that serve a functional purpose, such as the orientation of buildings to align with the sun or wind patterns, which may symbolize harmony with nature.

Pantheon in Rome, Italy built in the 2nd century AD, the Pantheon is renowned for its innovative architecture and engineering, as well as its symbolic significance. One of the key functional symbols of the Pantheon is its dome, which was the largest in the world for over a millennium. The dome's design not only allowed for an impressive interior space but also served a practical purpose by allowing light to enter through the oculus at the top, symbolizing the sun and the heavens. The oculus also served as a symbolic connection between the temple and the gods, as well as a way to ventilate the interior.

Modern symbolism in architecture is characterized by abstract and conceptual representations that reflect contemporary cultural, social, and technological contexts. Unlike traditional symbolism, which often relies on familiar motifs and narratives, modern symbolism seeks to convey meaning through innovative design and materials. It examines how modern architecture reflects and responds to the complexities of contemporary society, offering new perspectives on the role of architecture in shaping our world.

Modern architecture tends to use more abstract and conceptual symbols, often representing ideas or concepts rather than specific images or motifs. For example, the use of a minimalist design aesthetic may symbolize simplicity or efficiency.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Spain, designed by architect Frank Gehry. The museum's design is a departure from traditional museum architecture, featuring a dynamic and sculptural form that has become an icon of modern architecture. The abstract and conceptual symbolism of the Guggenheim Bilbao lies in its form and materiality. The building's undulating curves and titanium-clad surfaces are not just aesthetic choices but are meant to symbolize the dynamic and innovative nature of contemporary art and culture.

Modern architecture often incorporates symbols related to technology and innovation, reflecting the advancements of the modern era. Technological symbolism in architecture is exemplified by buildings that not only incorporate advanced technology in their construction but also symbolize progress, innovation, and the capabilities of modern engineering.

Shanghai Tower in China, designed by the architectural firm Gensler, Completed in 2015. The Shanghai Tower is one of the tallest buildings in the world, standing at over 632 meters (2,073 feet). Its design is a testament to modern engineering, featuring a twisting, asymmetrical form that reduces wind loads and minimizes the building's environmental impact. Beyond its technological innovations, the Shanghai Tower symbolizes China's economic growth and global ambitions. It serves as a symbol of Shanghai's emergence as a modern, cosmopolitan city and a hub of innovation and technology. The tower's design and construction demonstrate the possibilities of modern architecture to create buildings that are not only functional and efficient but also symbolic of the aspirations of a society.

Modern architecture may also incorporate symbols that reflect social or political ideals. Social and political symbolism in architecture often reflects the values, ideals, and aspirations of a society or government.

Palace of Westminster in London, which houses the UK Parliament, with its iconic clock tower housing Big Ben, is not only a symbol of British democracy but also reflects the country's historical and cultural identity. The Gothic Revival architecture of the building was chosen in the 19th century to evoke a sense of continuity with Britain's medieval past, symbolizing the stability and tradition of the British political system. Additionally, the design of the Palace of Westminster incorporates numerous symbolic elements that reflect the values of democracy and governance.

There are more ambiguous ways in which symbolism in architecture can be explained. These typologies are not mutually exclusive and often overlap, reflecting the multifaceted nature of architectural symbolism. Each typology offers a unique perspective on how architecture can convey meaning and significance beyond its physical form and function.

This typology explores how architecture interacts with and responds to the natural environment. Buildings may incorporate design elements that symbolize a connection to nature or a commitment to sustainability. 

The Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) in Milan, Italy is a symbol of sustainable architecture and urban living. The towers' greenery helps to improve air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide habitat for birds and insects. Additionally, the plants help to regulate the temperature inside the buildings, reducing the need for heating and cooling.

Urban symbolism considers how architecture contributes to the identity and character of a city or urban area. Buildings may be designed to symbolize the values, aspirations, and cultural heritage of the city. 

An example of urban symbolism in architecture is the Marina Bay Sands integrated resort in Singapore. Designed by architect Moshe Safdie, Marina Bay Sands is a sprawling complex that includes a hotel, a casino, a shopping mall, a convention center, and a museum. Marina Bay Sands is not only a prominent landmark in Singapore's skyline but also a symbol of the city-state's ambition and progress.

Economic symbolism explores how architecture reflects economic principles, such as wealth, prosperity, and commerce. Buildings may be designed to symbolize economic growth, entrepreneurship, or financial stability.

The Shard in London, UK. Designed by architect Renzo Piano is a 95-story skyscraper that stands at 310 meters tall, making it the tallest building in the UK and the fifth tallest in Europe. The Shard is located in the heart of London's financial district and is home to offices, restaurants, a hotel, and residential apartments. Its sleek, glass-clad design symbolizes modernity and innovation, reflecting the economic dynamism of London as a global financial center. Its iconic design has made it a symbol of modern London and a landmark that is recognized around the world.

Global symbolism explores how architecture reflects global interconnectedness, diversity, and cultural exchange. Buildings may be designed to symbolize global unity, diversity, or the blending of different cultures. 

The Lotus Temple in Delhi completed in 1986, this Bahá'í House of Worship is renowned for its flower-like shape, which is inspired by the lotus flower, a symbol of purity and enlightenment in many Eastern religions. The Lotus Temple's design was created by Iranian architect Fariborz Sahba and was chosen through an international competition. The Lotus Temple has become a symbol of India's religious and cultural diversity and is recognized globally for its architectural significance and spiritual symbolism. It serves as a place of worship and meditation for people of all faiths, embodying the ideals of peace, harmony, and unity. 

In conclusion, architecture is a profound form of expression that communicates cultural, social, and political messages. Symbolism in architecture transcends mere functionality, allowing architects to convey deep meaning and reflect societal values and aspirations. Whether through traditional motifs or modern innovations, architecture serves as a visual language that shapes our understanding of the built environment and influences our perception of space and place. As we decode the language of buildings, we gain a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of symbolism that defines our architectural heritage and shapes our urban landscapes.

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Text provided by Shruti Patade-

Shruti Patade is an architect who graduated from L.S.Raheja School of Architecture in Mumbai. She is interested in writing urban and spatial stories to deepen her understanding of architecture. She believes architecture is a footprint of collective memory interwoven in different styles and decades of history and function. She uses photojournalism, videography, and graphic art to illustrate her views. She is drawn to urban placemaking, learning about architectural grassroots, and contributing to the future of the public realm in city building.